Cryptographic performance on STM32U5 Series V5.x

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This page reports measured performance when using the pure software cryptographic library algorithms with an STM32U5 MCU. In addition to performance figures, the required code footprint and memory are also given.


1. Measurement configuration

1.1. Hardware configuration

STM32 MCU STM32U575ZITxQ
Device ID 0x482
Revision ID 0x1001
Board NUCLEO-U575ZI-Q

1.2. Firmware configuration

Cryptographic library version 050000B2[ver. 1]
  1. ↑ This value corresponds to the information returned by a call to cmox_getInfos

1.3. System configuration

System core clock frequency 160 MHz
Flash latency 4 wait states
Voltage scaling Range 0
ICACHE peripheral 1 (0: disabled / 1: enabled)
Prefetch cache (ART) 1 (0: disabled / 1: enabled)

1.4. Development toolchains and compilers

IAR Embedded Workbench IAR ANSI C/C++ Compiler V9.40.1.364/W64 for ARM
Information
The measurements are done using a project built with the High Speed optimization setting enabled.


2. Performance values

2.1. AES symmetric key encryption and decryption

This section provides the performance results for AES-CBC using different operation modes:

  • Sole buffer: one sole buffer is encrypted or decrypted. The performance time is given in µs.
  • Data flow: a big message is encrypted or decrypted in chunks. The bit rate is given in kilobytes per second.

2.1.1. Sole buffer mode

In this mode, the entire encryption or decryption process, for the full message size, is managed through a single API call provided by the CMOX library.

The table below shows the number of clock cycles and time (in µs) needed to perform the described operation in small and fast configurations.

AES mode Key size Buffer size Cipher operation Configuration Cycles Time
AES CBC 128 bits 32 bytes Encryption Small 3694 23 µs
AES CBC 128 bits 32 bytes Encryption Fast 3371 21 µs
AES CBC 128 bits 64 bytes Encryption Small 6340 39 µs
AES CBC 128 bits 64 bytes Encryption Fast 5473 34 µs
AES CBC 128 bits 128 bytes Encryption Small 11 627 72 µs
AES CBC 128 bits 128 bytes Encryption Fast 9708 60 µs
AES CBC 192 bits 32 bytes Encryption Small 4050 25 µs
AES CBC 192 bits 32 bytes Encryption Fast 3572 22 µs
AES CBC 192 bits 64 bytes Encryption Small 7114 44 µs
AES CBC 192 bits 64 bytes Encryption Fast 5987 37 µs
AES CBC 192 bits 128 bytes Encryption Small 13 246 82 µs
AES CBC 192 bits 128 bytes Encryption Fast 10 781 67 µs
AES CBC 256 bits 32 bytes Encryption Small 4642 29 µs
AES CBC 256 bits 32 bytes Encryption Fast 3970 24 µs
AES CBC 256 bits 64 bytes Encryption Small 8129 50 µs
AES CBC 256 bits 64 bytes Encryption Fast 6701 41 µs
AES CBC 256 bits 128 bytes Encryption Small 15 107 94 µs
AES CBC 256 bits 128 bytes Encryption Fast 12 093 75 µs
AES CBC 128 bits 32 bytes Decryption Small 4858 30 µs
AES CBC 128 bits 32 bytes Decryption Fast 4562 28 µs
AES CBC 128 bits 64 bytes Decryption Small 8691 54 µs
AES CBC 128 bits 64 bytes Decryption Fast 6709 41 µs
AES CBC 128 bits 128 bytes Decryption Small 16 359 102 µs
AES CBC 128 bits 128 bytes Decryption Fast 10 989 68 µs
AES CBC 192 bits 32 bytes Decryption Small 5471 34 µs
AES CBC 192 bits 32 bytes Decryption Fast 5080 31 µs
AES CBC 192 bits 64 bytes Decryption Small 9982 62 µs
AES CBC 192 bits 64 bytes Decryption Fast 7498 46 µs
AES CBC 192 bits 128 bytes Decryption Small 18 998 118 µs
AES CBC 192 bits 128 bytes Decryption Fast 12 361 77 µs
AES CBC 256 bits 32 bytes Decryption Small 6320 39 µs
AES CBC 256 bits 32 bytes Decryption Fast 5800 36 µs
AES CBC 256 bits 64 bytes Decryption Small 11 512 71 µs
AES CBC 256 bits 64 bytes Decryption Fast 8519 53 µs
AES CBC 256 bits 128 bytes Decryption Small 21 889 136 µs
AES CBC 256 bits 128 bytes Decryption Fast 13 981 87 µs


The table below shows flash memory and RAM usage (in bytes).

Cipher operation Configuration Code Constant data Global data Stack usage
Encryption Small 2386 bytes 324 bytes 0 bytes 552 bytes
Encryption Fast 2330 bytes 1092 bytes 0 bytes 552 bytes
Decryption Small 2746 bytes 580 bytes 0 bytes 568 bytes
Decryption Fast 2696 bytes 2372 bytes 0 bytes 568 bytes


2.1.2. Data flow mode

In this mode, the operation is performed in several calls to the CMOX library APIs, as shown below:

  • cmox_cipher_init
  • cmox_cipher_setKey
  • cmox_cipher_setIV
  • cmox_cipher_append: called several times to encrypt or decrypt the whole message in fixed-size chunks

The table below shows the number of clock cycles and the bit rate (in kilobytes per second) needed to perform the described operation in small and fast configuration.

AES mode Key size Message size Chunk size Cipher operation Configuration Cycles Bit rate
AES CBC 128 bits 8000 bytes 128 bytes Encryption Small 668 944 1913 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 128 bits 8000 bytes 128 bytes Encryption Fast 532 992 2401 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 128 bits 8000 bytes 512 bytes Encryption Small 663 600 1928 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 128 bits 8000 bytes 512 bytes Encryption Fast 527 736 2425 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 128 bits 8000 bytes 1024 bytes Encryption Small 662 680 1931 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 128 bits 8000 bytes 1024 bytes Encryption Fast 526 824 2429 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 128 bits 8000 bytes 2048 bytes Encryption Small 662 208 1932 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 128 bits 8000 bytes 2048 bytes Encryption Fast 526 360 2431 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 192 bits 8000 bytes 128 bytes Encryption Small 773 936 1653 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 192 bits 8000 bytes 128 bytes Encryption Fast 607 008 2108 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 192 bits 8000 bytes 512 bytes Encryption Small 768 624 1665 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 192 bits 8000 bytes 512 bytes Encryption Fast 601 776 2127 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 192 bits 8000 bytes 1024 bytes Encryption Small 767 712 1667 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 192 bits 8000 bytes 1024 bytes Encryption Fast 600 864 2130 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 192 bits 8000 bytes 2048 bytes Encryption Small 767 248 1668 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 192 bits 8000 bytes 2048 bytes Encryption Fast 600 400 2131 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 256 bits 8000 bytes 128 bytes Encryption Small 878 944 1456 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 256 bits 8000 bytes 128 bytes Encryption Fast 680 984 1879 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 256 bits 8000 bytes 512 bytes Encryption Small 873 576 1465 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 256 bits 8000 bytes 512 bytes Encryption Fast 675 680 1894 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 256 bits 8000 bytes 1024 bytes Encryption Small 872 656 1466 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 256 bits 8000 bytes 1024 bytes Encryption Fast 674 768 1896 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 256 bits 8000 bytes 2048 bytes Encryption Small 872 192 1467 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 256 bits 8000 bytes 2048 bytes Encryption Fast 674 296 1898 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 128 bits 8000 bytes 128 bytes Decryption Small 985 088 1299 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 128 bits 8000 bytes 128 bytes Decryption Fast 557 576 2295 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 128 bits 8000 bytes 512 bytes Decryption Small 977 496 1309 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 128 bits 8000 bytes 512 bytes Decryption Fast 549 952 2327 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 128 bits 8000 bytes 1024 bytes Decryption Small 975 112 1312 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 128 bits 8000 bytes 1024 bytes Decryption Fast 547 632 2337 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 128 bits 8000 bytes 2048 bytes Decryption Small 972 312 1316 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 128 bits 8000 bytes 2048 bytes Decryption Fast 544 856 2349 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 192 bits 8000 bytes 128 bytes Decryption Small 1 155 080 1108 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 192 bits 8000 bytes 128 bytes Decryption Fast 631 616 2026 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 192 bits 8000 bytes 512 bytes Decryption Small 1 147 480 1115 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 192 bits 8000 bytes 512 bytes Decryption Fast 623 960 2051 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 192 bits 8000 bytes 1024 bytes Decryption Small 1 145 104 1117 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 192 bits 8000 bytes 1024 bytes Decryption Fast 621 632 2059 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 192 bits 8000 bytes 2048 bytes Decryption Small 1 142 312 1120 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 192 bits 8000 bytes 2048 bytes Decryption Fast 618 848 2068 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 256 bits 8000 bytes 128 bytes Decryption Small 1 325 088 965 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 256 bits 8000 bytes 128 bytes Decryption Fast 705 648 1813 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 256 bits 8000 bytes 512 bytes Decryption Small 1 317 480 971 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 256 bits 8000 bytes 512 bytes Decryption Fast 697 984 1833 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 256 bits 8000 bytes 1024 bytes Decryption Small 1 315 128 973 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 256 bits 8000 bytes 1024 bytes Decryption Fast 695 704 1839 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 256 bits 8000 bytes 2048 bytes Decryption Small 1 312 352 975 Kbytes/s
AES CBC 256 bits 8000 bytes 2048 bytes Decryption Fast 692 912 1847 Kbytes/s


The table below shows flash memory and RAM usage (in bytes).

Cipher operation Configuration Code Constant data Global data Stack usage
Encryption Small 2306 bytes 316 bytes 0 bytes 176 bytes
Encryption Fast 2250 bytes 1084 bytes 0 bytes 176 bytes
Decryption Small 2666 bytes 572 bytes 0 bytes 192 bytes
Decryption Fast 2616 bytes 2364 bytes 0 bytes 192 bytes


2.2. HASH digest

In this section we provide the performance results for HASH, using different modes of operation:

  • Sole buffer: one sole buffer is hashed. The performance time is given in us.
  • Data flow: a big message is hashed in chunks. The bit rate is given in bytes per second.

2.2.1. Sole buffer mode

In this mode, the entire message hashing process is managed through a single API call provided by the CMOX library.

The table below shows the number of clock cycles and time (in µs) needed to perform the described operation.

HASH mode Buffer size Cycles Time
SHA256 32 bytes 4100 25 µs
SHA256 64 bytes 7167 44 µs
SHA256 128 bytes 10 010 62 µs
SHA384 32 bytes 15 321 95 µs
SHA384 64 bytes 15 509 96 µs
SHA384 128 bytes 28 910 180 µs


The table below shows flash memory and RAM usage (in bytes).

HASH mode Code Constant data Global data Stack usage
SHA256 1378 280 bytes 0 bytes 532 bytes
SHA384 2590 728 bytes 0 bytes 1076 bytes


2.2.2. Data flow mode

In this mode, the operation is performed in several calls to the CMOX library APIs, as shown below:

  • cmox_hash_init
  • cmox_hash_append: called several times to hash the whole message in fixed-size chunks
  • cmox_hash_generateTag

The table below shows the number of clock cycles and the bit rate (in kilobytes per second) needed to perform the described operation.

HASH mode Message size Chunk size Cycles Bit rate
SHA256 8000 bytes 128 bytes 386 193 3314 Kbytes/s
SHA256 8000 bytes 512 bytes 364 264 3513 Kbytes/s
SHA256 8000 bytes 1024 bytes 360 586 3549 Kbytes/s
SHA256 8000 bytes 2048 bytes 358 731 3568 Kbytes/s
SHA384 8000 bytes 128 bytes 859 212 1489 Kbytes/s
SHA384 8000 bytes 512 bytes 819 907 1561 Kbytes/s
SHA384 8000 bytes 1024 bytes 813 051 1574 Kbytes/s
SHA384 8000 bytes 2048 bytes 809 663 1580 Kbytes/s


The table below shows the final tag generation done through the call to cmox_hash_generateTag.

HASH mode Cycles Time
SHA256 3368 21 µs
SHA384 14 349 89 µs

The table below shows flash memory and RAM usage (in bytes).

HASH mode Code Constant data Global data Stack usage
SHA256 1374 bytes 272 bytes 0 bytes 340 bytes
SHA384 2586 bytes 720 bytes 0 bytes 780 bytes


2.3. ECDSA signature and verification

This section provides the performance results for ECDSA signature and verification.

The table below shows the number of clock cycles and time (in ms) needed to perform the described operation in different configurations.

Curve Operation ECC mathematics configuration Curve definition Cycles Time
SECP256R1 Signature Small Low 2 877 896 17 ms
SECP256R1 Signature Small High 2 810 640 17 ms
SECP256R1 Signature SuperFast Low 1 885 576 11 ms
SECP256R1 Signature SuperFast High 1 823 440 11 ms
SECP256R1 Verification Small Low 6 902 328 43 ms
SECP256R1 Verification Small High 6 163 608 38 ms
SECP256R1 Verification SuperFast Low 4 602 232 28 ms
SECP256R1 Verification SuperFast High 4 059 752 25 ms
SECP384R1 Signature Small Low 8 165 504 51 ms
SECP384R1 Signature Small High 7 858 512 49 ms
SECP384R1 Signature Fast Low 7 006 752 43 ms
SECP384R1 Signature Fast High 6 590 040 41 ms
SECP384R1 Verification Small Low 19 527 224 122 ms
SECP384R1 Verification Small High 17 071 504 106 ms
SECP384R1 Verification Fast Low 16 838 360 105 ms
SECP384R1 Verification Fast High 14 409 816 90 ms


The table below shows ECDSA flash memory and RAM usage (in bytes).

Note
The footpring is measured using the general-purpose CMOX_ECC_XXX_HIGHMEM or CMOX_ECC_XXX_LOWMEM configuration, which shows the footprint increase compared with the V4.x.x. To reduce the footprint, the optimized confinguration CMOX_ECC_XXX_YYY_SIGN or CMOX_ECC_XXX_YYY_VERIFY is recommended.
Curve Operation ECC mathematics configuration Curve definition Code Constant data Global data Stack usage Working buffer
SECP256R1 Signature Small Low 13 468 bytes 1212 bytes 0 bytes 440 bytes 628 bytes
SECP256R1 Signature Small High 13 468 bytes 1596 bytes 0 bytes 440 bytes 696 bytes
SECP256R1 Signature SuperFast Low 14 778 bytes 1212 bytes 0 bytes 444 bytes 628 bytes
SECP256R1 Signature SuperFast High 14 778 bytes 1596 bytes 0 bytes 444 bytes 696 bytes
SECP256R1 Verification Small Low 13 456 bytes 1212 bytes 0 bytes 488 bytes 856 bytes
SECP256R1 Verification Small High 13 456 bytes 1596 bytes 0 bytes 488 bytes 1648 bytes
SECP256R1 Verification SuperFast Low 14 766 bytes 1212 bytes 0 bytes 492 bytes 856 bytes
SECP256R1 Verification SuperFast High 14 766 bytes 1596 bytes 0 bytes 492 bytes 1648 bytes
SECP384R1 Signature Small Low 13 468 bytes 1692 bytes 0 bytes 440 bytes 884 bytes
SECP384R1 Signature Small High 13 468 bytes 2268 bytes 0 bytes 440 bytes 984 bytes
SECP384R1 Signature Fast Low 13 838 bytes 1692 bytes 0 bytes 456 bytes 884 bytes
SECP384R1 Signature Fast High 13 838 bytes 2268 bytes 0 bytes 456 bytes 984 bytes
SECP384R1 Verification Small Low 13 456 bytes 1692 bytes 0 bytes 488 bytes 1192 bytes
SECP384R1 Verification Small High 13 456 bytes 2268 bytes 0 bytes 488 bytes 2272 bytes
SECP384R1 Verification Fast Low 13 826 bytes 1692 bytes 0 bytes 504 bytes 1192 bytes
SECP384R1 Verification Fast High 13 826 bytes 2268 bytes 0 bytes 504 bytes 2272 bytes


2.4. EdDSA signature and verification

This section provides the performance results for EdDSA signature and verification.

The table below shows the number of clock cycles and time (in ms) needed to perform the described operation in different configurations.

Curve Message size Operation ECC mathematics configuration Curve definition Cycles Time
Ed25519 1023 bytes Signature Small OptLow 4 425 936 27 ms
Ed25519 1023 bytes Signature Small OptHigh 2 569 824 16 ms
Ed25519 1023 bytes Signature SuperFast OptLow 3 166 232 19 ms
Ed25519 1023 bytes Signature SuperFast OptHigh 1 857 520 11 ms
Ed25519 1023 bytes Verification Small OptLow 6 666 008 41 ms
Ed25519 1023 bytes Verification Small OptHigh 5 839 656 36 ms
Ed25519 1023 bytes Verification SuperFast OptLow 4 565 232 28 ms
Ed25519 1023 bytes Verification SuperFast OptHigh 3 986 568 24 ms


The table below shows EdDSA flash memory and RAM usage (in bytes).

Note
The footpring is measured using the general-purpose CMOX_ECC_XXX_HIGHMEM or CMOX_ECC_XXX_LOWMEM configuration, which shows the footprint increase compared with the V4.x.x. To reduce the footprint, the optimized confinguration CMOX_ECC_XXX_YYY_SIGN or CMOX_ECC_XXX_YYY_VERIFY is recommended.
Curve Message size Operation ECC mathematics configuration Curve definition Code Constant data Global data Stack usage Working buffer
Ed25519 1023 bytes Signature Small OptLow 14 840 bytes 1748 bytes 0 bytes 1172 bytes 1672 bytes
Ed25519 1023 bytes Signature Small OptHigh 15 260 bytes 2900 bytes 0 bytes 1172 bytes 1672 bytes
Ed25519 1023 bytes Signature SuperFast OptLow 16 150 bytes 1748 bytes 0 bytes 1172 bytes 1672 bytes
Ed25519 1023 bytes Signature SuperFast OptHigh 16 570 bytes 2900 bytes 0 bytes 1172 bytes 1672 bytes
Ed25519 1023 bytes Verification Small OptLow 14 836 bytes 1748 bytes 0 bytes 1172 bytes 984 bytes
Ed25519 1023 bytes Verification Small OptHigh 15 256 bytes 2900 bytes 0 bytes 1172 bytes 1992 bytes
Ed25519 1023 bytes Verification SuperFast OptLow 16 146 bytes 1748 bytes 0 bytes 1172 bytes 984 bytes
Ed25519 1023 bytes Verification SuperFast OptHigh 16 566 bytes 2900 bytes 0 bytes 1172 bytes 1992 bytes


2.5. RSA signature and verification

This section provides the performance results for RSA signature and verification.

The table below shows the number of clock cycles and time (in ms) needed to perform the described operation in different configurations.

PKCS#1 Priv. key mod. exp. method Hash method Modulus size Operation RSA mathematics configuration Priv. key mod. exp. implementation Cycles Time
v2.2 CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Small Low 197 726 848 1235 ms
v2.2 CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Small Mid 148 815 040 930 ms
v2.2 CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Small High 124 974 464 781 ms
v2.2 CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Fast Low 158 845 920 992 ms
v2.2 CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Fast Mid 119 640 824 747 ms
v2.2 CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Fast High 100 480 200 628 ms
v2.2 No CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Small Low 762 181 920 4763 ms
v2.2 No CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Small Mid 572 421 224 3577 ms
v2.2 No CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Small High 478 813 000 2992 ms
v2.2 No CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Fast Low 606 772 816 3792 ms
v2.2 No CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Fast Mid 455 816 224 2848 ms
v2.2 No CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Fast High 381 297 416 2383 ms
v2.2 n/a SHA-256 3K Verification Small n/a 3 745 920 23 ms
v2.2 n/a SHA-256 3K Verification Fast n/a 3 240 520 20 ms


The table below shows RSA flash memory and RAM usage (in bytes).

PKCS#1 Priv. key mod. exp. method Hash method Modulus size Operation RSA mathematics configuration Priv. key mod. exp. implementation Code Constant data Global data Stack usage Working buffer
v2.2 CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Small Low 6890 bytes 372 bytes 0 bytes 668 bytes 3704 bytes
v2.2 CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Small Mid 7126 bytes 372 bytes 0 bytes 668 bytes 4308 bytes
v2.2 CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Small High 7126 bytes 372 bytes 0 bytes 668 bytes 6708 bytes
v2.2 CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Fast Low 7260 bytes 372 bytes 0 bytes 668 bytes 3704 bytes
v2.2 CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Fast Mid 7496 bytes 372 bytes 0 bytes 668 bytes 4308 bytes
v2.2 CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Fast High 7496 bytes 372 bytes 0 bytes 668 bytes 6708 bytes
v2.2 No CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Small Low 5958 bytes 364 bytes 0 bytes 668 bytes 3484 bytes
v2.2 No CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Small Mid 6194 bytes 364 bytes 0 bytes 668 bytes 4664 bytes
v2.2 No CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Small High 6194 bytes 364 bytes 0 bytes 668 bytes 9368 bytes
v2.2 No CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Fast Low 6328 bytes 364 bytes 0 bytes 668 bytes 3484 bytes
v2.2 No CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Fast Mid 6564 bytes 364 bytes 0 bytes 668 bytes 4664 bytes
v2.2 No CRT SHA-256 3K Signature Fast High 6564 bytes 364 bytes 0 bytes 668 bytes 9368 bytes
v2.2 n/a SHA-256 3K Verification Small n/a 6142 bytes 368 bytes 0 bytes 684 bytes 3108 bytes
v2.2 n/a SHA-256 3K Verification Fast n/a 6512 bytes 368 bytes 0 bytes 684 bytes 3108 bytes


2.6. Post-Quantum Cryptography ML-DSA key pair generation, Signature and verification

This section provides the performance results for ML-DSA key Generation, signature and verification.

The table below shows the number of clock cycles and time (in ms) needed to perform the described function in different suites configurations.

Note: For signature generation, the number of clock cycles is not bounded in time. The measurement was taken using one predefined private key and one 32-byte message, and the reported value corresponds to the minimum observed time. .

Function Suite Cycles Time (in ms) Stack usage Working buffer
ML-DSA-44 keyGen 1 990 528 12 476 7116
ML-DSA-65 keyGen 3 448 376 21 476 8140
ML-DSA-87 keyGen 5 801 936 36 476 10 188
ML-DSA-44 Signature 3 549 536 22 772 30 796
ML-DSA-44 Signature Low RAM 3 819 040 23 756 11 340
ML-DSA-65 Signature 5 456 960 34 772 43 084
ML-DSA-65 Signature Low RAM 5 806 584 36 756 15 436
ML-DSA-87 Signature 8 542 904 53 772 57 420
ML-DSA-87 Signature Low RAM 9 027 344 56 756 19 532
ML-DSA-44 Verification 2 244 672 14 700 8908
ML-DSA-44 Verification Low RAM 3 039 376 18 700 4812
ML-DSA-65 Verification 3 684 176 23 700 9948
ML-DSA-65 Verification Low RAM 5 305 072 33 700 4828
ML-DSA-87 Verification 6 121 608 38 700 12 268
ML-DSA-87 Verification Low RAM 9 136 872 57 700 5100
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